FBDDA amplifier and device including the FBDDA amplifier

ABSTRACT

A fully balanced differential difference amplifier includes a first differential input stage that receives an input voltage and a second differential input stage that receives a common-mode voltage. A first resistive-degeneration group is coupled to the first differential input and a second resistive-degeneration group is coupled to the second differential input. A differential output stage generates an output voltage. A first switch is coupled in parallel to the first resistive-degeneration group and a second switch is coupled in parallel with the second resistive-degeneration group. The first and second switches are driven into the closed state when the voltage input assumes a first value such that said first input stage operates in the linear region, and are driven into the open state when the voltage input assumes a second value, higher than the first value, such that the first input stage operates in a non-linear region.

BACKGROUND

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to a fully balanced differential difference amplifier (FDDA or FBDDA) and to a device including the FBDDA amplifier.

Description of the Related Art

As is known, numerous types of circuits are used as front-end reading circuits for capacitive sensors. In particular, it is known to use FDDA or FBDDA amplifiers (Fully-balanced Differential Difference Amplifier), which are preferable when a high input impedance, a fully differential architecture, and unity or unit gain are required. A FBDDA amplifier of this type is shown by way of example in FIG. 1, and designated as a whole by the reference number 1. A capacitive sensor 2 belongs, for example, to a gyroscope, a pressure sensor, an accelerometer, a microphone, etc., and detects a variation of capacitance generated by a linear or rotational movement of the mobile parts of the sensor itself. The FBDDA amplifier 1 detects a variation of the inputs resulting from conversion of the desired physical quantity (e.g., pressure, rotation, acceleration, etc.) and generates at output a voltage proportional to said variation.

In the example of FIG. 1, the FBDDA amplifier 1 includes four input terminals 1 a-1 d and two output terminals 1 e, 1 f. The terminal 1 a is an inverting terminal, and the terminal 1 b is a non-inverting terminal. On the terminal 1 b an input signal (voltage) Vin is present, including a voltage component generated by the capacitive sensor 2 and a fixed voltage component V_(CM). The voltage V_(CM), applied to the terminal 1 b by a resistor 3, is a voltage for biasing the sensor 2, chosen according to the need for fixing the operating point of the sensor 2 (V_(CM) is chosen, for example, in a range comprised between a supply voltage V_(DD) and a voltage of a reference node, e.g., ground reference). The resistor 3 has a high value of resistance, for example 100 GΩ or higher. The voltage V_(CM) is a fixed (d.c.) voltage and is further supplied to the input 1 c of the FBDDA amplifier. In this way, the inputs of the FBDDA amplifier 1 are always biased at a common voltage, which is known. During use of the sensor 2, the varying (i.e., a.c.) input signal Vin is superimposed on the voltage V_(CM).

The signal on the terminal 1 a is transferred onto the output terminal 1 e. In other words, the output terminal 1 e is feedback-connected to the input terminal 1 a. Likewise, the signal on the terminal 1 d is transferred onto the output terminal 1 f so that the output terminal 1 f is feedback-connected to the input terminal 1 d.

In a per se known manner, according to the operation of a FBDDA amplifier in voltage-follower configuration, on the output 1 e the signal Vin/2 is present and on the output 1 f the signal −(Vin/2) is present.

The embodiment of FIG. 1 guarantees good performance in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) but is deficient as regards the total harmonic distortion (THD) when the level of signal Vin increases. This is due to the fact that the operational amplifier is not connected according to a closed-loop configuration of a traditional type, and its inputs are not virtually connected together. Thus, in the presence of a high input signal Vin, the two differential pairs are markedly unbalanced, thus causing a deterioration of the linearity.

In this context, the linearity is referred to the differential-input pairs of the FBDDA amplifier, obtained by transistors. For small input signals (e.g., a.c. signals in the range between −150 mV and +150 mV, extremes included), the signal at output from the amplifier is substantially a replica, possibly amplified, of the input signal. Instead, for signals with a high peak value (e.g., a.c. signals having a peak value higher, in modulus, than approximately 200 mV), the transconductance gain of the two differential input pairs starts to differ markedly, thus generating a harmonic distortion of the output voltage signal (or differential output signal).

In order to overcome this disadvantage, it is known to use degeneration resistors 4 coupled to each differential-input pair (i.e., between 1 a and 1 b, and between 1 c and 1 d), as shown schematically in FIG. 2. This approach makes it possible to improve linearity of the output signal of the FBDDA amplifier, at the expense of noise that is the higher, the greater the degeneration resistances.

A further known solution, shown schematically in FIG. 3, envisages use of dynamic-biasing circuits 6 such that the current for biasing the differential pair is not fixed, but varies as a function of the input signal Vin. In this case, when the input signal Vin increases beyond a threshold value, a current is introduced into the differential pair. Even though this approach affords advantages in terms of input noise and harmonic distortion, it presents the disadvantage of requiring an excessive current consumption and a marked variability of the d.c. operating point.

BRIEF SUMMARY

One aim of the present disclosure is to provide a fully balanced differential difference amplifier (FBDDA) and a device including the FBDDA amplifier that will be able to overcome at least some of the negative aspects of the known art and extend functionality thereof.

According to the present disclosure a FBDDA amplifier and a device including the FBDDA amplifier are provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present disclosure, a preferred embodiment is now described, purely by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the attached drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 shows a FBDDA amplifier according to an embodiment of a known type, coupled to a capacitive sensor;

FIG. 2 shows a FBDDA amplifier according to a further embodiment of a known type, including degeneration resistors coupled to the inputs for improving linearity of the output signal;

FIG. 3 shows a FBDDA amplifier according to a further embodiment of a known type, with dynamic biasing of the inputs for improving linearity of the output signal;

FIG. 4 shows a FBDDA amplifier according to one embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 shows one circuit embodiment of the FBDDA amplifier of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 shows a first portion of a control circuit for the FBDDA amplifier of FIG. 5;

FIGS. 7A and 7B show, respectively, a second portion and a third portion of the control circuit for the FBDDA amplifier of FIG. 5;

FIG. 8 shows an electronic device including the FBDDA amplifier of FIG. 4, in particular for processing the signal generated by a capacitive sensor; and

FIG. 9 shows a system including the electronic device of FIG. 8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a FBDDA amplifier 10 according to one aspect of the present disclosure. Elements of the FBDDA amplifier 10 of FIG. 4 that are in common with those of the FBDDA amplifier 1 of FIG. 1 are designated by the same reference numbers and are not described any further.

The FBDDA amplifier 10 comprises a resistive-degeneration group 12, coupled to a first input stage of the FBDDA 10, i.e., between the input terminal 1 a and the input terminal 1 b, and a by-pass switch 14 coupled in parallel to the first resistive-degeneration group 12. Further, the FBDDA amplifier 10 comprises a second resistive-degeneration group 16, coupled to a second input stage of the FBDDA amplifier 10, i.e., between the input terminal 1 c and the input terminal 1 d, and a by-pass switch 18 coupled in parallel to the resistive-degeneration group 16. The by-pass switch 14 is driven into an open/closed state by a control signal V_(CTRL1) and, likewise, the by-pass switch 18 is driven into an open/closed state by a control signal V_(CTRL2).

According to one embodiment, the resistive-degeneration groups 12 and 16 are obtained by respective resistors connected together in series, and the by-pass switches 14 and 18 are obtained by respective transistors, in particular MOSFETs. In this case, the control signal V_(CTRL1) is a voltage signal applied to the gate terminal of the by-pass transistor 14, and has a value such as to turn on or off the by-pass transistor 14, according to the desired operating condition. The control signal V_(CTRL2) is a voltage signal applied to the gate terminal of the by-pass transistor 18, having a value such as to turn on or off the by-pass transistor 18, according to the desired operating condition.

According to the embodiment of FIG. 4, the resistive-degeneration groups 12, 16 are included in the circuit by opening the by-pass switches 14, 18 as a function of the value of the input signal Vin, and in particular at a value of Vin such that the differential inputs of the FBDDA amplifier 10 show a non-linear behavior (i.e., for high values of the signal Vin). Instead, for small signals (low value of Vin), the degeneration resistors 12, 16 are excluded by closing the by-pass switches 14 and 18.

According to one embodiment, values of the input signal Vin (a.c. signal) that may be identified as “small signal” are comprised in the range between −150 mV and +150 mV (extremes included); (peak) values of the input signal Vin such as to generate a non-linear behavior of the FBDDA amplifier 10 are higher, in modulus, than approximately 200 mV.

According to one aspect of the present disclosure, when the by-pass switches 14, 18 are implemented by transistors, the FBDDA amplifier 10 works in at least two different operating conditions. In a first, small-signal, operating condition (Vin having a first voltage value), the transistors 14 and 18 are on, by-passing the resistive-degeneration groups 12, 16. In a second operating condition, the value of the signal Vin is high (Vin having a second voltage value greater than the first voltage value) and the by-pass transistors 14 and 18 are off (theoretically infinite resistance), causing passage of the current exclusively through the resistive-degeneration groups 12, 16.

It is further possible to identify a third operating condition, with the input signal Vin having an intermediate value between the first and second values (Vin having a third voltage value greater than the first voltage value but smaller than the second voltage value); the by-pass transistors 14 and 18 are in an intermediate operating condition, where the gate-to-source voltage V_(GS) is approximately equal to the threshold turn-on voltage of the respective by-pass transistor. The by-pass transistors 14 and 18 thus form a resistive path for the current that traverses them, for example comparable with the value of resistance of the respective resistive-degeneration groups 12, 16.

The by-pass transistors 14 and 18 are controlled, in the aforementioned first and second operating conditions, by control signals V_(CTRL1) and V_(CTRL2), respectively, which keep them both on (respective V_(GS) higher than the respective threshold voltage) or both off (respective V_(GS) lower than the respective threshold voltage).

The third operating condition corresponds to transition from the first operating condition to the second operating condition, and vice versa. In this condition, the transistors 14, 18 are driven by the control signals V_(CTRL1) and V_(CTRL2), respectively, such that the by-pass transistors 14 and 18 present a resistive behavior and show respective values of resistance that are substantially the same as one another. If it were not so, a significant difference in the value of resistance shown by the by-pass transistors 14, 18 in regard to passage of the current would entail a reduction of the linearity of the FBDDA amplifier 10.

Generation of the control signals V_(CTRL1) and V_(CTRL2) is obtained by the circuits of FIGS. 7A and 7B. FIG. 5 shows, in greater detail, a circuit implementation of the FBDDA amplifier 10, according to the embodiment of FIG. 4. The embodiment of the FBDDA amplifier 10 of FIG. 5 is just one of the possible embodiments of a FBDDA amplifier. Known in the art are numerous circuit embodiments in view of the present disclosure.

One aspect of the present disclosure, irrespective of the circuit embodiment chosen for the FBDDA amplifier, regards arrangement of the resistive-degeneration groups 12, 16 coupled in parallel to the by-pass switches 14, 18, and to selective inclusion of the resistive-degeneration groups 12, 16 according to different operating conditions of the FBDDA amplifier (i.e., as a function of the value of the input signal Vin).

As may be noted from FIG. 5, the differential inputs 1 a, 1 b are coupled to a respective gate terminal of respective input transistors, in particular P-MOSFETs, designated by the reference numbers 22 and 24, respectively.

The input transistors 22, 24 have a respective first conduction terminal (source) 22 a, 24 a coupled to current generators 25, 26; the latter are coupled to a power-supply terminal, at a voltage V_(DD). Typical supply values V_(DD) are comprised between 1.5 V and 5 V.

A second conduction terminal (drain) 24 b of the input transistor 24 is coupled to the control terminal (gate) of an output gain transistor 21 (e.g., an N-MOSFET). In particular, the gate of the transistor 21 is biased by a voltage signal V_(OUT) _(_) _(INTN). A transistor 23 (P-MOSFET) is further connected between the power-supply terminal V_(DD) and the output 1 e, and the current that flows through it is driven by a predefined signal V_(B2). The transistors 21 and 23 form, in part, a second amplification stage, in a per se known manner. The transistor 21 is the gain element, whereas the transistor 23 has the function of current generator.

Likewise, a second conduction terminal (drain) 22 b of the input transistor 22 is coupled to the control terminal (gate) of an output gain transistor 27 (e.g., an N-MOSFET). In particular, the gate of the transistor 27 is biased by a voltage signal V_(OUT) _(_) _(INTP). A transistor 29 (P-MOSFET) is further connected between the power-supply terminal V_(DD) and the output 1 f, and the current that flows through it is driven by the signal V_(B2). The transistors 27 and 29 form, in part, the second amplification stage, in a per se known manner. The transistor 27 is the gain element, whereas the transistor 29 has the function of current generator.

The transistors 23 and 29 may, thus, be represented schematically as generic current generators and have the sole function of setting an operating point for balancing of the currents in the branches considered.

The supply voltage V_(DD) is, for example, supplied by a battery, not shown in the figures. Coupled between the power-supply node V_(DD) and the second conduction terminal of each input transistor 22, 24 is, in FIG. 5, a respective current generator 25, 26, which identifies the current that flows, in use, in the respective input branch of the FBDDA amplifier 10, in a per se known manner.

According to one aspect of the present disclosure, coupled between the first conduction terminal 22 a of the input transistor 22 and the first conduction terminal 24 a of the input transistor 24 are the resistive-degeneration group 12 and the by-pass switch 14. In this example, the resistive-degeneration group 12 is formed by two resistors 12 a and 12 b, connected together in series, and the by-pass switch 14 is implemented by a P-MOSFET, having a control terminal (gate) biased by the voltage VCTRL1.

The inputs 1 c and 1 d are coupled to a respective gate terminal of respective P-MOSFETs designated by the reference numbers 32 and 34, respectively.

A respective first conduction terminal 32 a, 34 a of the input transistors 32, 34 is coupled to a reference terminal (e.g., ground reference) at voltage Vref (e.g., 0 V), via a respective N-MOSFET 35, 36, having the respective gate terminal biased at a predefined and fixed voltage V_(B1), having a value such as to keep the transistors 35 and 36 in the on state. The transistors 35 and 36, which may be represented as generic current generators, have the function of setting an operating point for balancing of the currents.

A respective second conduction terminal 32 b, 34 b of the input transistors 32, 34 is coupled to the power-supply node V_(DD). Coupled between the second conduction terminal of each input transistor 32, 34 and the power-supply node V_(DD) is a respective current generator 37, 38, which identifies the current that flows, in use, in the respective input branch of the FBDDA amplifier 10, in a per se known manner.

Coupled between the second conduction terminal 32 b of the input transistor 32 and the second conduction terminal 34 b of the input transistor 34 are the resistive-degeneration group 16 and the by-pass switch 18. In this example, the resistive-degeneration group 16 is formed by two resistors 16 a and 16 b, connected together in series, and the by-pass switch 18 is implemented by a P-MOSFET, having a control terminal (gate) biased by the voltage VCTRL2.

With reference to FIGS. 6, 7A, and 7B respective sub-circuits used for generation of the control voltages V_(CTRL1) and V_(CTRL2) are now described.

With reference to FIG. 6, a circuit 40 is shown for generation of a control current I_(S), which is supplied to the circuits of FIGS. 7A and 7B. The current I_(S) has a value that will depend upon the value of the input signal Vin, as described in what follows. The circuit 40 comprises a transistor 42, in particular a P-MOSFET, having a control terminal (gate) coupled to the input 1 b of the FBDDA amplifier 10, i.e., that receives the input signal Vin. A first conduction terminal (drain) of the transistor 42 is coupled to a node at reference voltage V_(REF) _(_) _(N), whereas a second conduction terminal (source) of the transistor 42 is coupled to a node at reference voltage V_(REF) _(_) _(P), where the voltage value of V_(REF) _(_) _(P) is greater than the respective voltage value of V_(REF) _(_) _(N). According to one embodiment, the voltage V_(REF) p corresponds to the supply voltage V_(DD), and the voltage V_(REF) _(_) _(N) corresponds to the reference voltage V_(REF) of FIG. 5, for example ground voltage.

In greater detail, the second conduction terminal of the transistor 42 is coupled to the node V_(REF) _(_) _(P) by a transistor 44, which is again a P-MOSFET and forms, together with a further transistor 45, in particular a P-MOSFET, a first current mirror 46. The gate and drain terminals of the transistor 44 are connected together and to the source terminal of the transistor 42. Further, according to the current-mirror configuration, the gate terminals of the transistors 44 and 45 are connected together. The source terminals of the transistors 44 and 45 are connected to the node V_(REF) _(_) _(P) (e.g., V_(DD)). The transistor 42 and the current mirror 46 form a first branch 40 a of the circuit 40, through which a current I_(DOWN) flows, in use. The current mirror 83 has a gain ratio 1:1 (but could even have another ratio 1:M, if need be), and has the function of generating the current I_(DOWN) at an adder node 50 a, in the drain terminal of the transistor 45.

The first branch 40 a thus converts the voltage Vin on the input terminal 1 b into a current signal I_(DOWN), proportional to the voltage V_(in), when the voltage Vin on the input node 1 b drops below the value V_(REF) _(_) _(P)−2V_(TH) _(_) _(P), where V_(TH) _(_) _(P) is the threshold voltage of the transistors 42 and 44.

The threshold V_(TH) _(_) _(P) depends upon the technology and usually varies between 0.5 V and 0.7 V. For example, if we assume that we have V_(TH) _(_) _(P)=0.6 V, V_(DD)=2 V and V_(CM)=1 V, there is generation of current when the voltage Vin on the input node 1 b is lower than 0.8 V (V_(DD)−2_(VTH) _(_) _(P)). Since the voltage Vin on the input node 1 b may be viewed as the sum of the (d.c.) voltage V_(CM) and the a.c. voltage supplied by the capacitive sensor 2, there is obtained generation of the current I_(DOWN) when the a.c. component of V_(IN) is lower than −200 mV (i.e., V_(CM)+V_(IN)<0.8V).

A second branch 40 b of the circuit 40 comprises a transistor 52, for example an N-MOSFET, having a control terminal (gate) biased by the input signal Vin, as has been described with reference to the transistor 42. The source terminal of the transistor 52 is coupled to the node at voltage V_(REF) _(_) _(N) by a transistor 53, for example an N-MOSFET, whereas the drain terminal of the transistor 52 is coupled to the node at voltage V_(REF) _(_) _(P) by a transistor 54, for example a P-MOSFET.

The transistor 54 forms part of a second current mirror 56, which further comprises a transistor 55, for example a P-MOSFET, having the gate terminal connected to the gate terminal of the transistor 54. The transistor 55 is coupled between the node at voltage V_(REF) _(_) _(P) and the adder node 50 a.

As in the case of the branch 40 a, the branch 40 b converts the signal present on the input 1 b into a current signal I_(UP) when the a.c. component of the voltage V_(IN) rises above V_(REF) _(_) _(N)+2_(VTH) _(_) _(N), thus turning on the transistors 52 and 53. This current is injected into the node 50 a of the second current mirror constituted by the transistors 54 and 55. Thus, the current I_(UP) that flows through the second branch 40 b of the circuit 40, between the nodes V_(REF) _(_) _(P) and V_(REF) _(_) _(N), is sent to the adder node 50 a, as in the case of the current I_(DOWN) that flows through the first branch 40 a.

The second branch 40 b, thus, converts the voltage Vin on the input terminal 1 b into a current signal I_(UP), proportional to the voltage Vin, when the voltage Vin on the input node 1 b rises above the value V_(REF) _(_) _(N)+2V_(TH) _(_) _(N), where V_(TH) _(_) _(N) is the threshold voltage of the transistors 52 and 53.

The threshold V_(TH) _(_) _(N), as in the case described for V_(TH) _(_) _(P), depends upon the technology and usually varies between 0.5 V and 0.7 V.

For example, if we assume that V_(TH) _(_) _(N)=0.6 V, V_(REF) _(_) _(N)=0 V and V_(CM)=1 V, there is generation of current when the voltage on the input 1 b is higher than 1.2V (V_(REF) _(_) _(N)+2_(VTH) _(_) _(N)). Since the signal on the input 1 b may be viewed as the sum of the d.c. component of V_(CM) and the a.c. component of V_(IN), there is generation of the current I_(DOWN) when the a.c. component of V_(IN) has a peak value higher than 200 mV (V_(CM)+V_(IN)>1.2V).

Since the current I_(S) is supplied irrespective of whether the circuit of FIG. 7A or the circuit of FIG. 7B is used, further current mirrors 47, 48 are provided, where the current mirror 47 comprises the transistor 54 and a transistor 49, and the current mirror 48 comprises the transistor 44 and a transistor 51. Operation of the current mirrors 47, 48 is similar to what has been described with reference to the current mirrors 46 and 56, for generation of the current I_(S) at an adder node 50 b.

It is here pointed out that the conditions for generation of the currents I_(DOWN) and I_(UP) are opposite to one another, and thus, in use, present on the adder node 50 a is alternatively just one between the current I_(DOWN) and the current I_(UP), according to the sign of the input voltage Vin.

The (input) node 1 b always oscillates around V_(CM) both for small signals and for large signals. The value of the common-mode voltage V_(CM) is chosen in such a way that the transistors 42, 44 of the first branch 40 a and the transistors 52, 53 of the second branch 40 b remain in the off state in the presence of a zero input voltage signal Vin (this condition is satisfied when V_(CM)>V_(REF) _(_) _(P)−2V_(TH) _(_) _(P) and V_(CM)<V_(REF) _(_) _(N)+2V_(TH) _(_) _(N)); in this operating condition, the current I_(S) at the adder node 50 a is substantially zero. Instead, as the value of the voltage Vin increases as a result of operation of the capacitive sensor 2, the current I_(S) at the adder node 50 a increases, assuming a value that is the higher, the greater the value of the voltage signal Vin (up to a saturation value).

With reference to FIGS. 7A and 7B, there now follows a description of two circuits 60 and 70 for generation of the control signals V_(CTRL1) and V_(CTRL2), respectively, using the current signal I_(S) generated by the circuit 40 of FIG. 6.

With reference to FIG. 7A, the current I_(S) is supplied through a control resistor 61, having a value of resistance R_(CTRL1) of, for example, 400 kΩ. Across the resistor I_(CTRL1) a difference of potential is present given by I_(S)·R_(CTRL1). The intermediate voltage V_(TAIL1)−ΔV_(T1) is generated by a level shifter 63. The level shifter 63 receives at an input the voltage V_(TAIL1) present between the resistors 12 a and 12 b of FIG. 5 (node N1 in FIG. 5) and generates at output an intermediate voltage that has a value equal to V_(TAIL1) reduced by a value ΔV_(T1).

The control voltage V_(CTRL1) is given by the sum of the intermediate voltage V_(TAIL1)−ΔV_(T1) and of the voltage across the resistor 61 generated as a result of the current I_(S). As has been said previously, for small signals, i.e., for values of current I_(S) substantially zero, the value of V_(CTRL1) is approximately V_(TAIL1)−ΔV_(T1), and the by-pass transistor 14 is driven into the on state, in order to exclude the resistive-degeneration group 12. Thus, the value of shift ΔV_(T1) of the signal V_(TAIL1) is chosen such that the value of the control voltage V_(CTRL1), when the current I_(S) is zero, is such as to drive the by-pass transistor 14 into the on state (it is here recalled that the by-pass transistor 14 is, in the example shown, of a P type). As the value of the input signal Vin increases, also the current I_(S) increases, as has been described previously. Consequently, also the control voltage V_(CTRL1) increases, as a result of passage of the current I_(S) through the resistor 61. In these conditions, the by-pass transistor 14 is progressively turned off, thus including gradually the resistive-degeneration group 12 only for values of the signal Vin that are sufficiently high.

By way of example, values of the a.c. component of Vin such that the by-pass transistor 14 operates in the linear region are comprised between 0.15 V and 0.2 V. Values of the a.c. component of Vin such that the by-pass transistor 14 is off are greater than 0.2 V.

The circuit 70 for generation of the control signal V_(CTRL2) is similar to the circuit 60 of FIG. 7A. In particular, the circuit 70 comprises a control resistor 71, having a value of resistance I_(CTRL2) of, for example, 400 kΩ, and a voltage level shifter 73.

In the case of the circuit 70, the voltage value V_(TAIL2) at input to the level shifter 73 is picked up between the resistors 16 a and 16 b of FIG. 5 (node N2 in FIG. 5), while the level shifter 73 carries out a reduction of said voltage value V_(TAIL2), generating at output the intermediate voltage V_(TAIL2)−ΔV_(T2).

The control voltage V_(CTRL2) is given by the sum of the intermediate voltage V_(TAIL2)−ΔV_(T2) and of the voltage across of the resistor 71 generated as a result of the current I_(S). As has been said previously, for small signals, i.e., for values of current I_(S) that are substantially zero, the value of the voltage V_(CTRL2) is approximately equal to V_(TAIL2)−ΔV_(T2), and the by-pass transistor 18 is driven into the on state in order to exclude the resistive-degeneration group 16. Thus, the shift value ΔV_(T2) of the signal V_(TAIL2) is chosen such that the value of the control voltage V_(CTRL2), when the current I_(S) is zero, is such as to drive the by-pass transistor 18 into the on state (it is here recalled that the by-pass transistor 18 is, in the example shown, of a P type). As the value of the input signal Vin increases, also the current I_(S) increases, as described previously. Consequently, also the control voltage V_(CTRL2) increases, as a result of passage of the current I_(S) through the resistor 71. In these conditions, the by-pass transistor 18 is turned progressively off, thus including the resistive-degeneration group 16 only for values of the signal Vin that are sufficiently high.

In order to guarantee that during transition between one operating condition and the other the by-pass transistors 14 and 18 have the same equivalent resistance, it is expedient for the branches 60 and 70 to be the same as one another as much as possible for having ΔV_(T1)=ΔV_(T2) and R_(CTRL1)=R_(CTRL2). In this way, we have V_(CTRL1)−V_(TAIL1)=V_(CTRL2)−V_(TAIL2).

By way of example, values of Vin such that the by-pass transistor 18 operates in the linear region are comprised between 0.15 V and 0.2 V. Values of Vin such that the by-pass transistor 18 is off are higher than 0.2 V.

The characteristics outlined previously render use of the FBDDA amplifier 10 particularly advantageous in a MEMS microphone 90, as shown in FIG. 8.

FIG. 8 shows the MEMS microphone 90, comprising two different blocks: a mechanical block 91, basically constituted by a sensor 2 sensitive to acoustic stimuli (obtained by at least two electrodes, one of which is mobile), and a signal-processing block 92 (ASIC) configured to appropriately bias the sensor and to appropriately process the electrical signal generated by the sensor 2 in order to produce on an output of the MEMS microphone 90 an analog or digital signal.

The signal-processing block 92 in turn comprises a plurality of functional sub-blocks. In particular, the signal-processing block 92 comprises: a charge pump 93, which enables generation of a suitable voltage for biasing the sensor of the mechanical block 91; a FBDDA amplifier 10 (preamplifier), configured to amplify the electrical signal generated by the sensor, obtained according to what has been described previously; an analog-to-digital converter 94, for example of a sigma-delta type, configured to receive the electrical signal amplified by the FBDDA amplifier 10, of an analog type, and convert it into a digital signal; the reference-signal generator circuit 97 according to the present disclosure, connected to the analog-to-digital converter 94; and a driver 95, configured to function as interface between the analog-to-digital converter 94 and an external system, for example a microcontroller.

Further, the MEMS microphone 90 may comprise a memory 96 (whether of a volatile or nonvolatile type), for example programmable from outside for enabling use of the MEMS microphone 90 according to different configurations (for example, different gain configurations).

The characteristics listed above render particularly advantageous use of the MEMS microphone 90 in an electronic device 100, as shown in FIG. 9 (said electronic device 100 may possibly comprise further MEMS microphones, in a way not illustrated). The electronic device 100 is preferably a mobile communication device, such as, for example, a cellphone, a PDA, a notebook, but also a voice recorder, a reader of audio files with voice-recording capacity, etc. Alternatively, the electronic device 100 may be a hydrophone, able to work under water, or else a hearing-aid device.

The electronic device 100 comprises a microprocessor 101 and an input/output interface 103, for example provided with a keyboard and a display, which is also connected to the microprocessor 101. The MEMS microphone 90 communicates with the microprocessor 101 via the signal-processing block 92. Further, a speaker 106 may be present, for generating sounds on an audio output (not shown) of the electronic device 100.

From an examination of the characteristics of the embodiments obtained according to the present disclosure the advantages that it affords are evident.

In particular, according to the present disclosure, a FBDDA amplifier is provided with resistive dynamic degeneration that is activated only in the presence of input signals with a high value, for which usually the requirements on the acceptable noise are less stringent than in the case of small input signal. The total harmonic distortion (THD) is thus reduced as compared to the known art, in particular as compared to the embodiment of FIG. 2.

Finally, it is clear that modifications and variations may be made to the disclosure described and illustrated herein, without thereby departing from the scope thereof, as defined in the annexed claims.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A fully balanced differential difference amplifier, comprising: a first differential input stage including a first input and a second input, the first differential input stage configured to receive on the first input an input voltage signal including an alternating component and fixed component and configured to generate a first signal; a second differential input stage including a first input and a second input, the second differential input stage configured to receive on the first input the fixed component of the input voltage signal and configured to generate a second signal; a differential output stage coupled to the first and second differential input stages and configured to generate first and second output signals based on the first and second signals; a first resistive-degeneration circuit coupled between the first and second inputs of the first differential input stage; a second resistive-degeneration circuit coupled between the first and second inputs of the second differential input stage; and a switching circuit coupled between the first and second inputs of the first differential input stage and between the first and second input of the second differential input stage, the switching circuit configured to couple the first input to the second input in each of the first and second differential input stages in response to the input voltage signal reaching a first threshold voltage and the switching circuit further configured to open in response to the input voltage signal reaching a second threshold value greater than the first threshold value to provide the first and second resistive-degeneration groups between the first and second inputs of the first and second differential input stages, respectively.
 2. The fully balanced differential difference amplifier of claim 1, wherein the switching circuit is further configured in response to the input voltage having a third threshold value to provide a first resistance coupled in parallel with the first resistive-degeneration circuit between the first and second inputs of the first differential input stage and to provide a second resistance coupled in parallel with the second resistive-degeneration circuit between the first and second input of the second differential input stage, the third threshold value corresponding to a value that is greater than the first threshold value and less than the second threshold value.
 3. The fully balanced differential difference amplifier of claim 2, wherein the switching circuit includes a first transistor coupled between the first and second inputs of the first differential input stage and a second transistor coupled between the first and second inputs of the second differential input stage.
 4. The fully balanced differential difference amplifier of claim 3, wherein the first and second transistors are configured to receive first and second controls signals, respectively, each of the first and second control signals having a first value to turn on the corresponding transistor in response to input voltage signal reaching the first threshold value, each of the first and second control signals having a second value to turn off the corresponding transistor in response to the input voltage signal having the second threshold value, and each of the first and second control signal having a third value to provide the first and second resistances between the first and second inputs of the first and second differential input stages in response to the input voltage signal having the third threshold value.
 5. The fully balanced differential difference amplifier of claim 4 further comprising: a first control circuit configured to receive the input voltage signal and configured to generate the first control signal in response to the input voltage signal; and a second control circuit configured to receive the input voltage signal and configured to generate the second control signal in response to the input voltage signal.
 6. The fully balanced differential difference amplifier of claim 5, wherein each of the first and second control circuits is configured to receive a control current having a value that is a function of the input voltage signal.
 7. The fully balanced differential difference amplifier of claim 6, wherein the first resistance comprises a first degeneration resistor and a second degeneration resistor coupled in series with a first intermediate node being defined at the interconnection of the first and second degeneration resistors, and wherein the second resistance comprises a third degeneration resistor and a fourth degeneration resistor coupled in series with a second intermediate node being defined at the interconnection of the third and fourth degeneration resistors.
 8. The fully balanced differential difference amplifier of claim 7, wherein each of the first and second control circuits comprises: a control resistor coupled to receive the control current on a first node and having a second node; and a level shifter coupled to the second node of the control resistor and to one of the first and second intermediate nodes, the level shifter configured to generate an intermediate voltage on the second node of the control resistor that is based on a voltage on the one of the first and second intermediate nodes coupled to the level shifter, the corresponding control voltage being provided on the first node of the control resistor based upon the control current and the intermediate voltage on the second node of the control resistor.
 9. The fully balanced differential difference amplifier of claim 1, wherein the first threshold value corresponds to the alternating component of the input voltage signal having a value in the range of approximately −150 mV and +150 mV.
 10. The fully balanced differential difference amplifier of claim 9, wherein the second threshold corresponds to the alternative component of the input voltage signal having a value that is greater, in modulus, than approximately 200 mV.
 11. The fully balanced differential difference amplifier of claim 1, wherein the differential output stage includes a first output node and a second output node that provide the first and second output signals, respectively, and wherein the first output node is coupled to the second input of the first differential input stage and the second output node is coupled to the second input of the second differential input stage.
 12. An electronic device, comprising: signal-processing block circuitry configured to bias a capacitive sensor and acquire an input voltage signal generated at an output by the capacitive sensor, said signal-processing circuitry including: a charge pump configured to bias the capacitive sensor; a fully balanced differential difference amplifier configured to receive the input voltage signal from the capacitive sensor and to generate an output voltage signal that is a function of the input voltage signal, the fully balanced differential difference amplifier including, a first differential input stage circuit configured to receive the input voltage signal from the capacitive sensor, the input voltage signal including a variable component and a fixed component; a second differential input stage circuit configured to receive a common-mode voltage signal, the fixed component of the input voltage signal being the common-mode voltage signal; a first resistive-degeneration group circuit coupled to the first differential input stage; a second resistive-degeneration group circuit coupled to the second differential input stage; and a differential output stage circuit configured to generate an output voltage signal; a first switch circuit coupled in parallel with the first resistive-degeneration group circuit; a second switch circuit coupled in parallel with the second resistive-degeneration group circuit; wherein the first and second switch circuits are configured to operate in a closed state to bypass the first and second resistive-degeneration group circuits based upon the input voltage signal having a first value, and the first and second switch circuits configured to operate in an open state so the first and second resistive-degeneration group circuits are not bypassed based upon the input voltage signal having a second value that is greater than the first value; and an analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the output voltage signal generated by the fully balanced differential difference amplifier and to convert the output voltage signal into a corresponding output voltage digital signal.
 13. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the capacitive sensor comprises an acoustic transducer configured to generate an electrical detection signal as a function of a received acoustic wave.
 14. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the acoustic transducer comprises a MEMS microphone of a capacitive type.
 15. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the electronic device comprises one of a cellphone, a PDA, a notebook, a voice recorder, an audio reader with voice-recording functions, a console for videogames, a hydrophone, and a hearing-aid device.
 16. A method, comprising: receiving an input voltage signal on a first differential input of a first differential input stage including the first differential input and a second differential input, the input voltage signal including a quiescent component and a varying component; receiving a common-mode voltage signal on a first differential input of a second differential input stage including the first differential input and a second differential input, the common-mode voltage signal having a value corresponding to the quiescent component of the input voltage signal; coupling a first resistive circuit across the first and second differential inputs of the first differential input stage and a second resistive circuit across the first and second differential inputs of the second differential input stage; and selectively bypassing the first and second resistive circuits based on the value of the input voltage signal.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein selectively bypassing the first and second resistive circuits comprises controlling first and second transistors coupled in parallel with the first and second resistive circuits, respectively.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein controlling first and second transistors coupled in parallel with the first and second resistive circuits comprises controlling the first and second transistors to provide first and second resistances in parallel with the first and second resistive circuits, the first and second resistances having values that are approximately equal to resistance values of the first and second resistive circuits, respectively.
 19. The method of claim 16 further comprising generating the input voltage signal responsive to one of acceleration and pressure.
 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising generating the input voltage signal responsive to a varying capacitance value. 